18. Common Mistakes & Failure Modes · Page 3 of 7
Mistake: Wrong Uc or AC/DC Mix-up
Selection errors that age devices overnight.

Symptom
SPD fails quickly without a major storm; heat marks; repeated cartridge changes.
Cause
Uc too low for actual grid voltage, or AC device used on PV DC.
Fix
Re-measure voltages; replace with correct Uc and technology.
